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negotiation skills

  • 1 negotiation skills


    pregovaračke vještine

    English-Croatian dictionary > negotiation skills

  • 2 negotiation

    noun
    1) (discussion) Verhandlung, die (for, about über + Akk.)

    by negotiation — durch Verhandeln od. Verhandlungen

    enter into negotiation — in Verhandlungen (Akk.) eintreten

    2) in pl. (talks) Verhandlungen Pl.
    * * *
    noun Negotiations ended without any settlement being reached; The dispute was settled by negotiation.) die Verhandlung
    * * *
    ne·go·tia·tion
    [nɪˌgəʊʃiˈeɪʃən, AM -ˌgoʊ-]
    n Verhandlung f
    \negotiation for the pay increase das Aushandeln der Gehaltserhöhung
    the exact details are still under \negotiation die genauen Details werden noch verhandelt
    * * *
    [nI"gəUSI'eISən]
    n
    1) (= discussion) Verhandlung f; (= bringing about) Aushandlung f

    the price is a matter for negotiation — über den Preis kann verhandelt werden

    by negotiation — auf dem Verhandlungsweg

    2) usu pl (= talks) Verhandlung f

    to be in negotiation(s) with sb — mit jdm in Verhandlungen stehen

    3) (of river, mountain, rapids) Passage f, Passieren nt; (of obstacle, difficulty) Überwindung f
    * * *
    negotiation [nıˌɡəʊʃıˈeıʃn] s
    1. Verhandlung f:
    after long negotiation(s) nach langen Verhandlungen;
    enter into negotiations in Verhandlungen eintreten;
    the contract is still under negotiation über den Vertrag wird noch verhandelt;
    by way of negotiation auf dem Verhandlungsweg;
    negotiation skills pl Verhandlungsgeschick n
    2. Aushandeln n (eines Vertrags etc)
    3. WIRTSCH Begebung f, Unterbringung f (eines Wechsels):
    further negotiation Weiterbegebung
    4. Passieren n (einer Straße etc), Überwindung f (eines Hindernisses etc), Nehmen n (einer Kurve)
    * * *
    noun
    1) (discussion) Verhandlung, die (for, about über + Akk.)

    by negotiation — durch Verhandeln od. Verhandlungen

    2) in pl. (talks) Verhandlungen Pl.
    * * *
    n.
    Verhandlung f.

    English-german dictionary > negotiation

  • 3 pregovaračke vještine

    • negotiation skills

    Hrvatski-Engleski rječnik > pregovaračke vještine

  • 4 Verhandlungsbereitschaft

    Verhandlungsbereitschaft
    willingness to negotiate;
    • Verhandlungsbereitschaftserklärung (Exportgeschäft) letter of preparedness;
    • Verhandlungsbevollmächtigter (Gewerkschaft) bargaining agent;
    • während der Verhandlungsdauer during the process of negotiations;
    • Verhandlungsdelegation negotiating group (team);
    • Verhandlungserfahrung bargaining experience;
    • Verhandlungserfolg negotiating success;
    • Verhandlungsergebnis outcome (result) of negotiations;
    • Verhandlungsfähigkeit skills of negotiation;
    • Verhandlungsführer negotiator, (Gewerkschaft) bargaining agent;
    • Verhandlungsführung conduct of negotiations;
    • Verhandlungsgegenstand negotiating package;
    • Verhandlungsgegenstände [items on the] agenda;
    • Verhandlungsgeschick negotiating (good communication) skills, ability to negotiate;
    • Verhandlungsgespräche gleich zu Beginn stark belasten to get talks off to an awkward start;
    • Verhandlungsgremium negotiating (bargaining) body;
    • gemeinsames Verhandlungsgremium joint negotiating panel;
    • Verhandlungsgrundlage basis for negotiations, negotiation basis;
    • [gemeinsame] Verhandlungsgrundlage finden to find a common ground for negotiations;
    • Verhandlungsgruppe negotiating (bargaining) group;
    • Verhandlungsinstrument bargaining counter;
    • Verhandlungsklima climate of negotiations;
    • Verhandlungskünste negotiating skills;
    • Verhandlungsleitung in einer Sitzung an sich reißen to monopolize a meeting;
    • Verhandlungsleitung übernehmen to assume the chair;
    • Verhandlungsliste (Gericht) appearance docket, trial docket (US);
    • Verhandlungsmandat (EU) negotiating mandate;
    • Verhandlungsmarathon bargaining marathon;
    • Verhandlungsmonopol (EU) monopoly on negotiating;
    • Verhandlungsniederschrift written proceedings, minutes;
    • Verhandlungsobjekt bargaining chip, bid for bartering;
    • Verhandlungsort place of meeting, (Gericht) venue;
    • Verhandlungspaket package deal, contract (negotiating) package;
    • Verhandlungspartei, Verhandlungspartner negotiator, negotiating party, (Tarifvertrag) bargainor, bargaining agent;
    • Verhandlungspartner auf Seiten der Industrie industry negotiator;
    • als Verhandlungspartner zur Aushandlung von Tariflöhnen und Arbeitsbedingungen vom Arbeitgeber anerkannt sein to be recognized by an employer for the collective bargaining of wages and conditions;
    • Verhandlungsphase bargaining round;
    • Verhandlungsposition negotiating (bargaining) position, negotiation stand, bargaining power;
    • starke Verhandlungsposition negotiating power;
    • günstigere Verhandlungsposition haben to negotiate on better terms;
    • Verhandlungsprotokoll minutes [of the proceedings], minute book;
    • Verhandlungsprotokoll führen to keep records of the proceedings;
    • Verhandlungspunkte bargaining counts (agenda);
    • Verhandlungspunkte festsetzen to fix the agenda;
    • Verhandlungsraum (Hotel) conference room.

    Business german-english dictionary > Verhandlungsbereitschaft

  • 5 entorno

    m.
    1 environment, surroundings.
    2 context.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: entornar.
    * * *
    1 environment, surroundings plural
    2 INFORMÁTICA environment
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=medioambiente) environment; (Literat) setting, milieu; (=clima) climate; (=escenario) scene

    sacar a algn de su entorno — to take sb away from/out of their normal environment

    2) (Inform) environment
    * * *
    a) ( situación) environment

    entorno social — social milieu o environment

    b) (Lit) setting; (Mat) range; (Inf) environment
    * * *
    = arena, atmosphere, environment, scene, setting, surroundings, milieu, compass, compass, set and setting, landscape, habitat, environs, climate, ambient, ambiance [ambience], ambience [ambiance], environ.
    Ex. This shifts the responsibility for headings and their arrangement into the arena of cataloguers and indexers.
    Ex. Above all, we specified an atmosphere in all public areas appropriate for study without the need for oppressive silence.
    Ex. This document specifies methods of extending the 7-bit code, remaining in a 7-bit environment or increasing to an 8-bit environment.
    Ex. A recent inexpensive introduction to the microcomputer scene, the Sinclair QL, uses a 32 bit processor (the Motorola 680008) and offers 128K RAM expandable to 640K.
    Ex. Over 700 CRT terminals are online to Columbus and are used in a variety of ways to improve service in the local library settings.
    Ex. Work in a duly ordered community should be made attractive by the consciousness of usefulness, by variety, and by being exercised amidst pleasurable surroundings.
    Ex. These are the kinds of problems that characteristically arise in the complex and continually changing milieu of libraries and media and information centers.
    Ex. All truth is contained in the compass of your mind.
    Ex. All truth is contained in the compass of your mind.
    Ex. For me a picture of myself in a dentist's waiting room is a perfect metaphor for set and setting very much in play against the easily obtained pleasures I usually get from reading.
    Ex. During the post-war period international organizations have become a prominent feature of the international landscape.
    Ex. The academic library is the natural habitat of the absent-minded professor.
    Ex. This database contains 500 photographs, drawings, engravings and watercolours of the 16th century Sutton House and its environs.
    Ex. The article 'Keeping your ear to the ground' discusses the skills and knowledge information professionals need to have in today's IT-rich climate.
    Ex. This article studies monumental wall paintings and mosaics, focusing on the disposition of narratives in relation to their architectural ambients.
    Ex. People like to browse the books and magazines, take in the ambiance, and be seen and perceived as a patron of the arts and literature.
    Ex. The current ambience is such that we are facing a new crisis in cataloging.
    Ex. For example, the games themselves can act as a tool to educate social science students how to access and interact with unknown cultures within a safe environ.
    ----
    * adaptarse al entorno = adjust to + environment.
    * cambiar de entorno = change + scenery.
    * cambio de entorno = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.
    * crear un entorno = create + an environment.
    * del entorno = ambient, environmental.
    * en el entorno de = in the realm of.
    * en + Posesivo + entorno = in + Posesivo + midst.
    * entorno de redes = network environment, online environment.
    * entorno de trabajo = working environment, work environment.
    * entorno electrónico distribuido = distributed environment.
    * entorno familiar = home environment.
    * entorno físico = atmospherics.
    * entorno laboral = workplace, work environment, work setting, job setting, job environment, working environment.
    * entorno natural = natural habitat, natural setting.
    * entorno natural, el = natural environment, the.
    * entorno OSI = OSI environment.
    * entorno urbanístico = built environment.
    * entorno urbano = built environment.
    * perjudicial para el entorno = environmentally-damaging.
    * relativo a la navegación por un entorno gráfico = navigational.
    * vida en el entorno familiar = family life.
    * * *
    a) ( situación) environment

    entorno social — social milieu o environment

    b) (Lit) setting; (Mat) range; (Inf) environment
    * * *
    = arena, atmosphere, environment, scene, setting, surroundings, milieu, compass, compass, set and setting, landscape, habitat, environs, climate, ambient, ambiance [ambience], ambience [ambiance], environ.

    Ex: This shifts the responsibility for headings and their arrangement into the arena of cataloguers and indexers.

    Ex: Above all, we specified an atmosphere in all public areas appropriate for study without the need for oppressive silence.
    Ex: This document specifies methods of extending the 7-bit code, remaining in a 7-bit environment or increasing to an 8-bit environment.
    Ex: A recent inexpensive introduction to the microcomputer scene, the Sinclair QL, uses a 32 bit processor (the Motorola 680008) and offers 128K RAM expandable to 640K.
    Ex: Over 700 CRT terminals are online to Columbus and are used in a variety of ways to improve service in the local library settings.
    Ex: Work in a duly ordered community should be made attractive by the consciousness of usefulness, by variety, and by being exercised amidst pleasurable surroundings.
    Ex: These are the kinds of problems that characteristically arise in the complex and continually changing milieu of libraries and media and information centers.
    Ex: All truth is contained in the compass of your mind.
    Ex: All truth is contained in the compass of your mind.
    Ex: For me a picture of myself in a dentist's waiting room is a perfect metaphor for set and setting very much in play against the easily obtained pleasures I usually get from reading.
    Ex: During the post-war period international organizations have become a prominent feature of the international landscape.
    Ex: The academic library is the natural habitat of the absent-minded professor.
    Ex: This database contains 500 photographs, drawings, engravings and watercolours of the 16th century Sutton House and its environs.
    Ex: The article 'Keeping your ear to the ground' discusses the skills and knowledge information professionals need to have in today's IT-rich climate.
    Ex: This article studies monumental wall paintings and mosaics, focusing on the disposition of narratives in relation to their architectural ambients.
    Ex: People like to browse the books and magazines, take in the ambiance, and be seen and perceived as a patron of the arts and literature.
    Ex: The current ambience is such that we are facing a new crisis in cataloging.
    Ex: For example, the games themselves can act as a tool to educate social science students how to access and interact with unknown cultures within a safe environ.
    * adaptarse al entorno = adjust to + environment.
    * cambiar de entorno = change + scenery.
    * cambio de entorno = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.
    * crear un entorno = create + an environment.
    * del entorno = ambient, environmental.
    * en el entorno de = in the realm of.
    * en + Posesivo + entorno = in + Posesivo + midst.
    * entorno de redes = network environment, online environment.
    * entorno de trabajo = working environment, work environment.
    * entorno electrónico distribuido = distributed environment.
    * entorno familiar = home environment.
    * entorno físico = atmospherics.
    * entorno laboral = workplace, work environment, work setting, job setting, job environment, working environment.
    * entorno natural = natural habitat, natural setting.
    * entorno natural, el = natural environment, the.
    * entorno OSI = OSI environment.
    * entorno urbanístico = built environment.
    * entorno urbano = built environment.
    * perjudicial para el entorno = environmentally-damaging.
    * relativo a la navegación por un entorno gráfico = navigational.
    * vida en el entorno familiar = family life.

    * * *
    1 (situación) environment
    el entorno del niño influye en esto the child's environment influences this
    entorno social social milieu o environment
    entorno familiar home environment
    el entorno es poco favorable a la negociación the setting is o the situation is o the conditions are o the environment is not ideal for negotiation
    la estructura y los restos hallados en su entorno the structure and the remains found around it o in the vicinity
    2 ( Lit) setting
    3 ( Mat) range
    * * *

     

    Del verbo entornar: ( conjugate entornar)

    entorno es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    entornó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    entornar    
    entorno
    entorno sustantivo masculino

    b) (Lit) setting

    c) (Inf) environment

    entornar verbo transitivo to half-close
    (una puerta, ventana) to leave ajar
    entorno sustantivo masculino
    1 (medio) environment
    entorno social, social environment
    2 (proximidades) surroundings pl
    ' entorno' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ambiente
    - escenario
    - media
    - medio
    - sosegada
    - sosegado
    English:
    atmosphere
    - blend
    - environment
    - setting
    - surrounding
    - environmental
    - environs
    * * *
    1. [ambiente] environment, surroundings;
    el entorno familiar/social the home/social environment;
    fuentes bien informadas del entorno del presidente well-informed sources close to the president;
    España y los países de su entorno Spain and her European neighbours
    2. [medio ambiente] environment
    3. Informát environment
    * * *
    m tb INFOR environment
    * * *
    : surroundings pl, environment
    * * *
    entorno n environment

    Spanish-English dictionary > entorno

  • 6 skill

    skill [skɪl]
       a. ( = ability) habileté f
    * * *
    [skɪl] 1.
    1) [U] ( flair) ( intellectual) habileté f, adresse f; ( physical) dextérité f

    skill at — habileté or adresse à

    2) [C] ( special ability) ( acquired) compétence f, capacités fpl; ( innate) aptitude f; ( practical) technique f; ( gift) talent m

    your skill(s) as — vos talents de [linguist, politician, mechanic]

    skill at ou in doing — talent à faire

    skill at ou in something — compétence en quelque chose

    2.
    skills plural noun ( training) connaissances fpl

    English-French dictionary > skill

  • 7 искусство ведения переговоров

    1) Diplomatic term: negotiating skills
    2) Mass media: arts of talks

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > искусство ведения переговоров

  • 8 Verhandlungsfähigkeit

    Verhandlungsfähigkeit
    skills of negotiation

    Business german-english dictionary > Verhandlungsfähigkeit

  • 9 negotiate

    1. intransitive verb
    verhandeln (for, on, about über + Akk.)
    2. transitive verb
    1) (arrange) aushandeln
    2) (get past) bewältigen; überwinden [Hindernis]; passieren [Straße, Fluss]; nehmen [Kurve]
    3) (Commerc.) (convert into cash) einlösen [Scheck]; (transfer) übertragen [Wechsel, Papiere usw.]
    * * *
    [ni'ɡəuʃieit]
    1) (to bargain or discuss a subject in order to agree.) verhandeln
    2) (to arrange (a treaty, payment etc), usually after a long discussion.) zustande bringen
    3) (to get past (an obstacle or difficulty).) überwinden
    •
    - academic.ru/49439/negotiator">negotiator
    - negotiation
    * * *
    ne·go·tiate
    [nɪˈgəʊʃieɪt, AM -ˈgoʊ-]
    I. vt
    ▪ to \negotiate sth [with sb] etw [mit jdm] aushandeln
    to \negotiate a loan/treaty einen Darlehensvertrag/Vertrag abschließen
    to \negotiate a peace with sb/sth ein Friedensabkommen mit jdm/etw aushandeln
    ▪ to \negotiate sth etw passieren; ( fig: surmount) problems etw überwinden
    3. ( spec: transfer) übertragen; (cash in)
    to \negotiate a cheque [or AM check] einen Scheck einlösen
    to \negotiate securities Sicherheiten übertragen
    II. vi verhandeln
    ▪ to \negotiate for [or on] sth über etw akk verhandeln
    ▪ to \negotiate with sb mit jdm verhandeln
    * * *
    [nI'gəʊʃIeɪt]
    1. vt
    1) (= discuss) verhandeln über (+acc); (= bring about) aushandeln
    2) bend in road nehmen; (horse) fence nehmen; river, mountain, rapids passieren; obstacle, difficulty überwinden
    3) (COMM) shares handeln mit; sale tätigen (form)
    2. vi
    verhandeln ( for über +acc)
    * * *
    negotiate [nıˈɡəʊʃıeıt]
    A v/i verhandeln, in Verhandlung stehen ( beide:
    with mit;
    for, about, on um, wegen, über akk):
    negotiating position Verhandlungsposition f;
    negotiate skills pl Verhandlungsgeschick n;
    negotiating table Verhandlungstisch m
    B v/t
    1. einen Vertrag etc aushandeln ( with mit)
    2. verhandeln über (akk)
    3. WIRTSCH
    a) einen Wechsel begeben, unterbringen:
    negotiate back zurückbegeben
    b) umsetzen, verkaufen
    4. a) eine Straße etc passieren, ein Hindernis etc überwinden, eine Kurve nehmen, eine Steigung etc schaffen
    b) ein Musikstück etc meistern
    * * *
    1. intransitive verb
    verhandeln (for, on, about über + Akk.)
    2. transitive verb
    1) (arrange) aushandeln
    2) (get past) bewältigen; überwinden [Hindernis]; passieren [Straße, Fluss]; nehmen [Kurve]
    3) (Commerc.) (convert into cash) einlösen [Scheck]; (transfer) übertragen [Wechsel, Papiere usw.]
    * * *
    (about, over) v.
    verhandeln (über) v. v.
    handeln v.
    verhandeln v.

    English-german dictionary > negotiate

  • 10 facilitation

    HR
    the process of helping groups, or individuals, to learn, find a solution, or reach a consensus, without imposing or dictating an outcome. Facilitation works to empower individuals or groups to learn for themselves or find their own answers to problems without control or manipulation. Facilitators need good communication skills, including listening, questioning, and reflecting. Facilitation is used in a range of contexts including training, experiential learning, conflict resolution, and negotiation.

    The ultimate business dictionary > facilitation

  • 11 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

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